The Ultimate Guide to Dermatologist-Recommended Laundry Detergents

Are you tired of constantly battling with sensitive skin? Are you in search of the perfect laundry detergent that will help soothe and nourish your skin while still getting your clothes clean? Look no further! In this ultimate guide, we will delve into the world of dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents and provide you with the best options on the market. From gentle and hypoallergenic formulas to eco-friendly and allergy-free choices, we’ve got you covered. So, say goodbye to itchy, irritated skin and hello to fresh, clean clothes that leave your skin feeling soft and happy. Let’s dive in!

What is a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent?

Why is it important to use dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents?

  • Protects your skin from irritation: Laundry detergents can be harsh on the skin, especially for those with sensitive skin. Dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents are specially formulated to be gentle on the skin and avoid causing irritation.
  • Preserves the health of your clothes: Using a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent can help keep your clothes looking newer for longer. This is because these detergents are designed to be gentle on fabrics, which means they are less likely to cause fading, shrinking, or other types of damage.
  • Eases symptoms of skin conditions: For those with skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis, using a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent can help ease symptoms. These detergents are often fragrance-free and hypoallergenic, which can help reduce the risk of flare-ups.
  • Helps prevent allergic reactions: Some laundry detergents contain ingredients that can cause allergic reactions, especially for those with sensitive skin. Dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents are carefully formulated to avoid common allergens, reducing the risk of an allergic reaction.
  • Offers better cleaning performance: Dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents are designed to be effective at cleaning clothes while still being gentle on the skin. This means you can get your clothes clean without having to sacrifice the health of your skin.

What are the key features of a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent?

When it comes to laundry detergents, there are several factors to consider, especially if you have sensitive skin. A dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent is specifically formulated to be gentle on the skin and prevent irritation. These detergents typically contain moisturizing ingredients and are free from harsh chemicals and fragrances that can dry out the skin.

Here are some key features to look for in a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent:

  • Mild formulation: A dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent should have a mild formulation that is gentle on the skin. It should not contain harsh chemicals such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), which can strip the skin of its natural oils and cause irritation.
  • Moisturizing ingredients: Look for a laundry detergent that contains moisturizing ingredients such as glycerin or aloe vera. These ingredients help to hydrate and soothe the skin, which is especially important for those with dry or sensitive skin.
  • Fragrance-free: Avoid laundry detergents that contain fragrances, as these can be irritating to the skin and cause allergic reactions. Opt for fragrance-free or unscented options.
  • Color-safe: Make sure the laundry detergent you choose is color-safe, as some detergents can cause colors to fade or bleed. This is especially important if you have clothes with delicate colors or patterns.
  • Efficient cleaning: While it’s important to choose a gentle laundry detergent, it’s also important to ensure that it’s effective at cleaning your clothes. Look for a detergent that is tough on stains and dirt, but gentle on your skin.

Overall, a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent is a great option for those with sensitive skin. With its mild formulation, moisturizing ingredients, and fragrance-free formula, it can help to prevent irritation and keep your clothes clean and fresh.

How to choose the right laundry detergent for your skin

Key takeaway: Dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents are gentle on the skin, preserve the health of clothes, ease symptoms of skin conditions, help prevent allergic reactions, and offer better cleaning performance. To choose the right laundry detergent for your skin, consider its mild formulation, moisturizing ingredients, fragrance-free formula, and color-safe properties. Understanding your skin type is essential, as oily skin requires gentle cleansers, dry skin needs hydrating cleansers, and combination skin requires a balanced approach. To avoid skin irritation and maintain healthy, balanced skin, read labels carefully and avoid common allergens and irritants like sodium lauryl sulfate, fragrances, optical brighteners, enzymes, and parabens.

Understanding your skin type

One of the most crucial factors in choosing the right laundry detergent for your skin is understanding your skin type. The three main types of skin are oily, dry, and combination. Each type requires a different approach to skincare and laundry.

Oily skin is characterized by an overproduction of sebum, leading to a shiny, greasy appearance. This type of skin is prone to acne and requires gentle cleansers to avoid stripping the skin of its natural oils. When it comes to laundry, opt for detergents that are free from harsh chemicals and dyes, as these can exacerbate oil production.

Dry skin, on the other hand, lacks oil and appears rough and flaky. This type of skin is prone to itching and redness and requires hydrating cleansers to lock in moisture. Look for laundry detergents that contain moisturizing agents, such as glycerin or aloe vera, to help soothe and hydrate the skin.

Combination skin is a mix of oily and dry areas, typically found on the T-zone of the face. This type of skin requires a balanced approach to skincare and laundry. Look for detergents that are gentle enough for sensitive skin but also effective at cleaning oily areas.

Understanding your skin type is essential when choosing the right laundry detergent. By selecting a detergent that is tailored to your skin’s specific needs, you can help prevent irritation and maintain healthy, balanced skin.

Common allergens and irritants in laundry detergents

Laundry detergents contain a variety of ingredients that can cause allergic reactions or irritate the skin. It is essential to be aware of these ingredients to choose the right laundry detergent for your skin. Some of the most common allergens and irritants found in laundry detergents include:

  • Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS): SLS is a foaming agent commonly used in laundry detergents. However, it can cause skin irritation and dryness.
  • Fragrances: Fragrances are added to laundry detergents to give them a pleasant smell. However, they can cause allergic reactions and irritate the skin.
  • Optical brighteners: Optical brighteners are chemicals that absorb ultraviolet light and emit blue light, making whites appear brighter. However, they can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.
  • Enzymes: Enzymes are added to laundry detergents to improve stain removal. However, they can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.
  • Parabens: Parabens are preservatives used in laundry detergents to prevent bacterial growth. However, they can cause allergic reactions and have been linked to breast cancer.

It is essential to read the labels of laundry detergents carefully and avoid those containing these ingredients to reduce the risk of allergic reactions and skin irritation.

Other factors to consider when choosing a laundry detergent

When choosing a laundry detergent, it’s important to consider more than just its impact on your skin. Here are some other factors to keep in mind:

  • Environmental impact: Many laundry detergents contain harsh chemicals that can harm the environment. Look for eco-friendly options that are biodegradable and free from harmful ingredients.
  • Fabric type: Different laundry detergents work better on different types of fabric. If you have delicate or sensitive skin, choose a detergent that is specifically designed for those types of fabrics.
  • Stain removal: Some laundry detergents are better at removing stains than others. If you have children or pets, you may want to choose a detergent that is specifically designed to remove tough stains.
  • Price: Laundry detergents can vary widely in price, and the more expensive options may not necessarily be better for your skin. Consider your budget and find a detergent that fits your needs and your wallet.
  • Brand reputation: Some laundry detergent brands have a better reputation for quality and effectiveness than others. Research different brands and read reviews to find one that has a good track record for both cleaning power and skin safety.

Best dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents on the market

Hypoallergenic laundry detergents

For individuals with sensitive skin or allergies, hypoallergenic laundry detergents are a top choice. These detergents are specially formulated to reduce the risk of allergic reactions and are often free from harsh chemicals and fragrances. Some of the best hypoallergenic laundry detergents on the market include:

  • Holiday Hypoallergenic Laundry Detergent: This detergent is specially formulated for individuals with sensitive skin and is free from dyes, perfumes, and other irritants. It is also hypoallergenic and dermatologist tested.
  • All Free & Clear Laundry Detergent: This detergent is free from dyes, perfumes, and other irritants, making it a great choice for individuals with sensitive skin. It is also hypoallergenic and dermatologist tested.
  • Evergreen Organics Hypoallergenic Laundry Detergent: This detergent is made with natural ingredients and is free from harsh chemicals and fragrances. It is also hypoallergenic and dermatologist tested.

It is important to note that while hypoallergenic laundry detergents are a great option for individuals with sensitive skin, they may not be as effective at cleaning as other detergents. It is recommended to follow the washing instructions on the label and to conduct a patch test on a small area of skin before using a new detergent.

Fragrance-free laundry detergents

Fragrance-free laundry detergents are a popular choice for those with sensitive skin or skin prone to eczema, psoriasis, or other skin conditions. These detergents are free of added fragrances, which can cause irritation and allergic reactions.

Benefits of fragrance-free laundry detergents

  • Reduced risk of skin irritation and allergic reactions
  • Suitable for those with sensitive skin or skin conditions
  • Gentle on clothing and fabrics

Top fragrance-free laundry detergents recommended by dermatologists

  1. Arm & Hammer Liquid Laundry Detergent
  2. Ecover Laundry Detergent
  3. Seventh Generation Laundry Detergent
  4. Mrs. Meyer’s Clean Day Laundry Detergent
  5. Method Laundry Detergent

Each of these detergents offers a high level of cleaning performance while being gentle on the skin and clothing. They are also biodegradable and environmentally friendly.

How to choose the right fragrance-free laundry detergent

  • Look for detergents that are labeled as fragrance-free or unscented
  • Consider the skin type and sensitivity of the person who will be using the detergent
  • Choose a detergent that is gentle on clothing and fabrics
  • Consider the environmental impact of the detergent, such as its biodegradability and sustainability

By following these guidelines, you can find the best fragrance-free laundry detergent for your needs and enjoy clean, fresh-smelling clothes without the risk of skin irritation or allergic reactions.

Sensitive skin laundry detergents

Sensitive skin laundry detergents are specifically designed for individuals with delicate skin that is prone to irritation, redness, and itching. These detergents contain gentle ingredients that clean clothes without stripping the skin of its natural oils, leading to dryness and discomfort. Here are some of the best dermatologist-recommended sensitive skin laundry detergents available on the market:

1. Ecover Zero Laundry Detergent

Ecover Zero Laundry Detergent is a plant-based detergent that is free from dyes, sulfates, and phosphates. It is suitable for sensitive skin and contains only natural ingredients that are gentle on the skin. This detergent is also eco-friendly and biodegradable, making it an excellent choice for those who are environmentally conscious.

2. Seventh Generation Free & Clear Laundry Detergent

Seventh Generation Free & Clear Laundry Detergent is another excellent option for sensitive skin. It is free from dyes, fragrances, and sulfates, and contains only natural ingredients that are gentle on the skin. This detergent is also environmentally friendly and certified by EcoLogo, a third-party certification organization that ensures products meet strict environmental standards.

3. Mrs. Meyer’s Clean Day Sensitive Skin Laundry Detergent

Mrs. Meyer’s Clean Day Sensitive Skin Laundry Detergent is a hypoallergenic detergent that is gentle on sensitive skin. It contains only natural ingredients, including essential oils that provide a fresh scent without irritating the skin. This detergent is also free from dyes, sulfates, and phosphates, making it a great choice for those with sensitive skin.

4. BabyGanics Sensitive Skin Laundry Detergent

BabyGanics Sensitive Skin Laundry Detergent is a gentle and effective detergent that is safe for babies and those with sensitive skin. It is free from sulfates, phosphates, and other harsh chemicals that can irritate the skin. This detergent is also eco-friendly and biodegradable, making it a great choice for those who are environmentally conscious.

Overall, these dermatologist-recommended sensitive skin laundry detergents are gentle on the skin and effective at cleaning clothes. They contain only natural ingredients that are safe for sensitive skin and are environmentally friendly.

Tips for using dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents

Pre-treatment stains

Pre-treatment stains can be a challenge for even the best laundry detergents. However, with the right pre-treatment product, you can tackle even the toughest stains before they become permanent fixtures on your clothing. Here are some tips for using pre-treatment products with dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents:

  • Always pre-treat stains as soon as possible. The faster you treat a stain, the better the chance of removing it completely.
  • Apply pre-treatment directly to the stain and gently rub it in. Be sure to read the instructions on the product carefully to ensure you are using it correctly.
  • Avoid using too much pre-treatment, as this can make the stain worse and potentially damage your clothing.
  • Repeat the pre-treatment process if the stain is still visible after the first application.
  • When washing your clothes, always use the appropriate amount of laundry detergent based on the size of your load and the soiling level of your clothes. Using too much detergent can make it harder for the pre-treatment to work effectively.
  • Finally, always follow up with a rinse cycle to ensure that all of the pre-treatment and detergent are removed from your clothes before they are placed in the dryer. This will help prevent any irritation or damage to your skin.

Temperature and water usage

When using dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents, it is important to consider the temperature and water usage to ensure the most effective cleaning results while minimizing the risk of irritation or allergy.

  • Water Temperature: It is generally recommended to use warm or cool water instead of hot water when washing clothes, especially for those with sensitive skin. Hot water can cause the detergent to dissolve more quickly, resulting in a more alkaline solution that can strip the skin of natural oils and cause irritation. Warm or cool water helps to maintain the detergent’s effectiveness while reducing the risk of skin irritation.
  • Water Usage: Using too much water can dilute the detergent, reducing its cleaning power and potentially leading to a build-up of residue in your clothes. On the other hand, using too little water can cause the detergent to be too concentrated, increasing the risk of irritation. The recommended water usage depends on the size of your load and the soil level of your clothes. As a general guideline, use about 1-2 cups of detergent per load of laundry.
  • Pre-Treatment: For tough stains or heavily soiled clothes, it may be necessary to use a pre-treatment solution before washing. However, pre-treatment solutions can sometimes be harsh and irritating to the skin. If you need to use a pre-treatment solution, choose a dermatologist-recommended brand and follow the instructions carefully. It is also a good idea to perform a patch test on a small area of your skin before using any new laundry products.

Load size and washing machine settings

When using dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents, it’s important to consider the size of your laundry load and adjust your washing machine settings accordingly. Here are some tips to keep in mind:

  • For small loads, use a front-loading washing machine or a top-loading washer with an adjustable water level. This will ensure that your clothes are thoroughly cleaned without using too much water or detergent.
  • For larger loads, use a top-loading washer with an agitator or a front-loading washer. These machines are designed to handle larger loads and can provide a more efficient cleaning experience.
  • Avoid overloading your washing machine, as this can lead to poor cleaning results and can cause damage to your clothes. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for the maximum recommended load size for your washing machine.
  • When using a front-loading washing machine, be sure to use a detergent that is specifically formulated for front-loaders. These detergents are designed to work well in the lower water temperatures used by front-loaders, and they are typically more concentrated than regular detergents, so you can use less per load.
  • Finally, consider using a pre-wash cycle to remove any excess detergent from your clothes before the main wash cycle. This can help prevent detergent buildup and reduce the risk of skin irritation.

How to maintain a dermatologist-recommended laundry routine

Frequency of laundering

When it comes to maintaining a dermatologist-recommended laundry routine, one of the most important factors to consider is the frequency of laundering. The recommended frequency can vary depending on a number of factors, including the type of fabric, the type of laundry detergent used, and the level of soiling.

  • Type of fabric: Different types of fabrics require different levels of care. For example, delicate fabrics like silk and lace may need to be washed less frequently than heavier fabrics like denim and corduroy. Additionally, some fabrics may benefit from being air-dried rather than machine-dried to reduce the risk of shrinking or damage.
  • Type of laundry detergent: Different laundry detergents can have different cleaning powers, and some may be more suitable for certain types of fabrics or levels of soiling than others. It’s important to choose a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent that is suitable for the fabrics you’re washing and the level of soiling they have experienced.
  • Level of soiling: The level of soiling can also impact how often you need to launder your clothes. For example, if you wear a particular outfit every day, it may need to be washed more frequently than an outfit that you only wear on special occasions.

Overall, the frequency of laundering will depend on a variety of factors, and it’s important to listen to your clothes and adjust your laundry routine accordingly. If you’re unsure about how often to launder a particular item of clothing, it’s always a good idea to check the care label or consult with a dermatologist or laundry expert.

Air-drying vs tumble-drying

When it comes to maintaining a dermatologist-recommended laundry routine, one of the most important decisions you’ll need to make is whether to air-dry or tumble-dry your clothes. Both methods have their own benefits and drawbacks, so it’s essential to understand the differences between them in order to make the best choice for your skin.

Air-drying

Air-drying is a popular method of drying clothes, especially for those with sensitive skin. This method involves hanging your clothes on a clothesline or drying rack and allowing them to dry naturally, without any mechanical action. Air-drying is often recommended by dermatologists because it can help prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi that can thrive in moist environments.

One of the main benefits of air-drying is that it allows your clothes to dry slowly, which can help prevent shrinkage and damage to the fabric. Additionally, air-drying can help reduce the amount of static electricity in your clothes, which can cause discomfort and irritation for those with sensitive skin.

However, air-drying does have its drawbacks. It can take longer to dry your clothes, especially during wet or humid weather. Additionally, if you live in an area with high humidity, your clothes may not dry completely, which can create a breeding ground for bacteria and other microorganisms.

Tumble-drying

Tumble-drying is a popular method of drying clothes in the United States. This method involves placing your clothes in a tumble dryer and using heat to dry them. Tumble-drying is often faster than air-drying, and it can be a convenient option for those who live in areas with low humidity.

One of the main benefits of tumble-drying is that it can help kill any bacteria or fungi that may be present on your clothes. Additionally, tumble-drying can help reduce the amount of wrinkles in your clothes, making them easier to iron or hang up.

However, tumble-drying can also have its drawbacks. It can cause your clothes to shrink or become damaged, especially if you use high heat settings. Additionally, tumble-drying can create static electricity, which can cause discomfort and irritation for those with sensitive skin.

In conclusion, both air-drying and tumble-drying have their own benefits and drawbacks. When choosing a method of drying your clothes, it’s essential to consider your skin type and the environment in which you live. If you have sensitive skin or live in a humid area, air-drying may be the best option for you. If you have less sensitive skin or live in an area with low humidity, tumble-drying may be a more convenient option.

Ironing and steaming

Ironing and steaming are two popular methods of getting rid of wrinkles and creases in clothing. While they may seem like straightforward tasks, there are some important considerations to keep in mind when it comes to maintaining a dermatologist-recommended laundry routine.

  • Using the right equipment: It’s important to use the right equipment when ironing or steaming clothes. Make sure to use an iron with a ceramic or stainless steel soleplate, as these are less likely to damage clothing than those with a standard soleplate. Additionally, using a steamer with a microfiber cloth can help prevent wrinkles from forming in the first place.
  • Adjusting the temperature: The temperature of the iron or steamer should be adjusted depending on the type of fabric being used. For example, delicate fabrics like silk or lace require a lower temperature than heavier fabrics like denim or corduroy.
  • Preventing damage: To prevent damage to clothing, it’s important to use a pressing cloth or sheet when ironing or steaming. This helps to protect the fabric from the heat and can also help to prevent water spots from forming.
  • Taking care when ironing sensitive areas: When ironing sensitive areas like the underarms or waistline, it’s important to be extra careful. These areas are more prone to stretching and can be easily damaged by heat.
  • Considering the fabric: Different fabrics require different care when ironing or steaming. For example, synthetic fabrics like polyester and nylon can be prone to melting, while natural fibers like cotton and linen may require more moisture when steaming.

By following these tips, you can help to maintain a dermatologist-recommended laundry routine that keeps your clothes looking and feeling their best.

Recap of key takeaways

  1. Use cold water washing: Cold water washing is less harsh on your skin and clothing, and it also helps to preserve the color and texture of your clothes.
  2. Avoid fabric softeners: Fabric softeners can contain harsh chemicals that can irritate sensitive skin, so it’s best to avoid them.
  3. Choose the right detergent: Use a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent that is free from harsh chemicals and fragrances. This will help to reduce the risk of skin irritation and allergic reactions.
  4. Wash your clothes separately: Washing your clothes in small batches is recommended, as it helps to prevent the buildup of detergent residue. This can reduce the risk of skin irritation and allergic reactions.
  5. Use a lint filter: A lint filter can help to prevent the buildup of lint and other debris in your washing machine, which can irritate your skin.
  6. Avoid overloading your washing machine: Overloading your washing machine can lead to excessive agitation, which can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.
  7. Dry your clothes on a drying rack: Drying your clothes on a drying rack is recommended, as it helps to prevent the buildup of static electricity, which can irritate your skin.
  8. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions: Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for washing and drying your clothes, as this will help to ensure that your clothes are clean and free from damage.

Future developments in dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents

The world of laundry detergents is constantly evolving, and it’s important to stay informed about the latest advancements in dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents. Here are some potential future developments to keep an eye on:

Plant-based detergents

As consumers become more environmentally conscious, plant-based laundry detergents are gaining popularity. These detergents are made from natural, renewable resources and are often biodegradable. They also tend to be gentler on the skin and can be especially beneficial for those with sensitive skin.

Personalized detergents

With the rise of at-home genetic testing, it’s possible that we may see more personalized laundry detergents in the future. These detergents would be tailored to an individual’s unique genetic makeup, allowing for optimal cleaning and skin health.

Smart laundry systems

Smart technology is becoming more prevalent in our daily lives, and laundry is no exception. In the future, we may see more smart laundry systems that use AI to optimize washing and drying cycles for maximum cleaning power and energy efficiency. These systems could also integrate with other smart home devices, such as thermostats and lights, to create a seamless and convenient laundry experience.

Enhanced hypoallergenic detergents

For those with severe allergies or sensitivities, hypoallergenic laundry detergents are essential. In the future, we may see even more advanced hypoallergenic detergents that offer even greater protection against allergens and irritants. These detergents could also be formulated to work with different types of fabrics and materials, providing a more comprehensive cleaning solution.

By staying informed about these potential future developments, you can ensure that you’re using the most effective and advanced dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents available.

Final thoughts and recommendations

In conclusion, a dermatologist-recommended laundry routine is essential for maintaining healthy skin and avoiding skin irritation. It involves choosing the right type of laundry detergent, following the correct washing and drying procedures, and taking care of your clothes. By implementing these tips, you can keep your skin looking and feeling its best.

Here are some final thoughts and recommendations to keep in mind:

  • Always perform a patch test before using a new laundry detergent to ensure that it won’t irritate your skin.
  • Avoid using fabric softeners and scented laundry products, as they can exacerbate skin irritation.
  • Use cold water washing and air-drying to prevent further damage to your skin.
  • Consult with a dermatologist if you experience persistent skin irritation or dryness after following these recommendations.

Remember, maintaining a dermatologist-recommended laundry routine is not just about looking good, but also feeling good. Taking care of your skin can have a significant impact on your overall health and well-being. So, take the time to invest in high-quality laundry detergents and follow the correct procedures to keep your skin looking and feeling its best.

FAQs

1. What makes a laundry detergent dermatologist-recommended?

Dermatologist-recommended laundry detergents are those that are gentle on the skin and do not cause irritation or allergic reactions. They typically have a low pH level, which reduces the risk of skin sensitivity. These detergents are also effective at cleaning clothes without leaving residue or buildup, which can further protect the skin.

2. How do I choose the right laundry detergent for my skin type?

Choosing the right laundry detergent for your skin type depends on your individual needs. If you have sensitive skin, look for detergents that are labeled as hypoallergenic or fragrance-free. If you have dry skin, consider using a detergent that contains moisturizing ingredients. If you have oily skin, look for detergents that are labeled as dye-free and unscented.

3. Can I use the same laundry detergent for all members of my family?

It is generally safe to use the same laundry detergent for all members of your family, as long as it is dermatologist-recommended and appropriate for their skin type. However, if someone in your family has a known allergy or sensitivity to certain ingredients, it may be best to use a separate detergent for their clothes.

4. How often should I wash my clothes using a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent?

The frequency of laundering depends on the type of fabric and the amount of use. As a general rule, it is recommended to wash your clothes every 7 to 10 days. However, if you wear them frequently or they are prone to sweating or odor, you may need to wash them more often. It is also important to follow the care label instructions on your clothing to ensure proper care and longevity.

5. Can I use a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent in a front-loading washing machine?

Yes, you can use a dermatologist-recommended laundry detergent in a front-loading washing machine. However, it is important to use a detergent that is specifically formulated for front-loading machines, as these machines require a lower volume of detergent compared to top-loading machines. This will help prevent any buildup or residue in the machine.

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